— Criminalization of health conditions, restrictive laws, inadequate protections, surveillance, immigration-related harms
Protective Factors
— Cultural erosion, language loss, community breakdown, displacement, service insensitivity
— Employment instability, unsafe working conditions, labor exploitation, wage theft, lack of social protections
— Pollution, ecosystem degradation, climate impacts, toxic exposures, urban environmental hazards
Healthcare System and Clinical Harms — Medical errors, diagnostic delays, fragmentation, provider bias, privacy breaches, over/underuse of...
